Electric Lights in Egypt?

Here's a good article on electicity in ancient Egypt. What do you think?

============

<blockquote>

Electric Lights in Egypt?



by Frank Dörnenburg
It is a widespread belief in alternative science that our
forefathers possessed a much greater technological knowledge than
our schoolbook science is willing to accept. Many of those theories
are lacking serious foundation and are often based on overdrawn
speculations [ like the
Manna machine
].
</blockquote>




In the temple of Hathor at Dendera, several dozens of kilometers

north of Luxor, there are reliefs interpreted by some "experts" as
lamps.

But the theory that electricity was known and used in antiquity
seems to rest on a much more stable foundation. The key to the whole theory lies a few hundred kilometers east of
Egypt, in today's Iraq. There some strange pots were found. Some
contained watertight copper cylinders, glued into the opening with
asphalt. In the middle of the cylinder was an iron rod, held in
place also with asphalt. The excavator who found the first of these
pots in 1936 was sure: this is a galvanic element, a primitive
battery. Reconstructions did indeed show that it was possible to
create electricity with it.


Another key element for the electro-thesis is actually something
that is missing.
It's a riddle where schoolbook science is
capitulating. Soot. In none of the many thousands of subterranean
tombs and pyramid shafts was found a single trace of soot, as we are
told by the authors of the electro-thesis, although many of these
tombs are full of often colourful paintings. But the primitive light
sources the Egyptians knew (candles, oil lamps etc.) are always
leaving soot and are using oxygen. So how DID the Egyptians get
their light? Some rationalists are arguing with mirrors, but the
quality of the copper plates the Egyptians used as mirrors were not
good enough for that.




Temple of Hathor in Dendera
In this temple in Dendera, several dozens of kilometers
north of Luxor, some experts found the light. A Norwegian electrical
engineer noticed that the object shown on the relief on top of this
page could work as a lamp. An Austrian colleague was able to
construct a working model, and two well known authors in the AAS,
Peter Krassa and Rainer Habeck, could even work out a real theory
based on it.
What we see is without question a form of bulb, with two arms
reaching into it near its thick end, and a sort of cable at the
other end, from where a snake is leaping out to touch the arms on
the other side. The whole ensemble really looks like a lamp.





Another picture from the crypts
of Dendera:
Eastern relief on south wall

Is this the proof? Did the Egyptians know and use electric
lights? If so, where did they get the principle from? Was it from
their own invention, or did they have help?

Soot and Lamps


Before I go into the details of Dendera, I will examine some of
the circumstantial evidence. That's because some points several
authors use to prepare the "light mystery" are in contrast to what I
have seen personally. Here are two of many quotes:

<blockquote>
"Krassa and Habeck are telling us, that torches, oil lamps or
candles are emitting soot on a large scale, which must be
detecteable on walls and ceilings. But that is not the case."[ 1 ]


or

"In the Roman and Greek world torches and oil lamps were used to
light the buildings. Wherever places are left where such devices
were positioned, we can find traces of soot on the walls and
ceilings. But in ancient Egypt ... we can find these combustion
traces nowhere."[ 2 ]
</blockquote>
Well, I have been in Egypt several times now, and I never had a
problem to detect soot in pyramids and tombs. As an example here the
soot covered burial chamber walls of the Red Pyramid of Dahschur:





Soot in burial chamber

This chamber is completely above ground, built by Snofru, father
of the builder of the Great Pyramid, Khufu. The soot seems to be
millimeters thick, and if one goes through the pyramid passages in
Egypt a look at the ceiling is enough to find soot in abundance.

The oldest comment known to me about soot in the Great Pyramid is
from John Greaves, in a book from 1638!![ 3 ]
The passages and chambers in Egyptian pyramids were built with a
few exceptions in open ditches like the example of Abu Roasch below.
A large dugout was furnished with several layers of floor- and wall
blocks, the sarcophagus was lowered into the open chamber,
ornamented wall parts, finished outside, were lifted down and put in
place, the roof was positioned, and then the ditch was refilled. The
whole construction process took place in broad daylight.






Abu Roasch - Trench for burial chamber
The great chambers of the red pyramid, and the passages in the
great Pyramid, also were built in full daylight. The whole time,
until the last ceiling block was positioned years after the chamber
was begun, all tasks like polishing and furnishing the walls and
roof beams could be done in daylight. Why should there be soot in
such constructions? In the pyramid age only very few construction
projects needed artificial light, like the Djoser-labyrinth and the
underground passage and chamber in Khufu's pyramid.
It's the same with the decorated chambers of the pyramids of the
5th and 6th dynasty. All decorations could be put to the wall blocks
in broad daylight which were then covered afterwards. Even most of
the private mastaba tombs could be finished with no artificial
light. So missing soot in all these constructions would be no
mystery at all.

Well, but what IS funny: In all these buildings which did not
need any artificial lighting, soot can be found. Even the walls of
the crypts where those supposed light bulb reliefs were found are
covered with soot, as this picture shows::






Dendera - Soot on lamp relief

The original white color of the lime stone can be seen on the
edges of the re-set block...
The book quotes from above have now been falsified twice. For
one, many of the passages needed no artificial lighting, and second
they also contain lots of soot.
The source of the soot is pretty clear: almost all buildings have
been opened in antiquity and were tourist attractions through the
centuries, even millenia. For example: Greek writings were found in
the subterran chamber of the Great Pyramid.
There were thousands of visitors in them, and every single one of
them, until the beginning of the 20th century, had to use oil lamps,
candles or open flame torches to get light. And all those people
spent a much larger amount of time in those buildings than the
original builders.



Preliminary evaluation
One of the major foundational arguments for the lamp idea has
disappeared. We now see that that the "no soot" argument is
definitively untrue, as even buildings which did not need light
during construction time have soot in them. A bad situation which
can even get worse... Let's take a look at


Smoking lamps
This was my first lesson in how slow riddles are dying in
alternative science. Because the first time I discussed this topic
was even before I had connection to Usenet: in 1989!
I hadn't written anything critical about Dendera or even Daeniken
yet - that was still five years in the future. But Daenikens new
book "In den Augen der Sphinx" had just been published, and the
passage I quoted on top of the page was discussed in one group of
the so called "Maus-Netz".
Well, if Daeniken was right, then all churches, houses and
palaces before the invention of electric light must have been soot
holes, because they all had candles or oil lamps as primary light
sources. I hadn't noticed that, so there was a chance, that Daeniken
was wrong. So I concluded that an experiment was necessary here.
I took an ash tray, filled it with olive oil, formed a wick out
of cotton wool, and soaked it with oil. Then I put the wick onto the
side of the bowl so that it stuck out about 5 mm over the rim. I lit
it - and it produced a steady, smokeless flame. Only an extremely
long wick lead to an emission of soot.
I put a white dish over the flame, about 50 cm high, but I was
unable to detect any trace of soot even after a long time. And it
was nice to find out after some years that even experts like the
famous material experts Clarke/Engelbach shared my opinion:


<blockquote>
"Many visitors to the monuments express surprise that the
painting could have been carried out in the darkness of the tombs
and in the dim light of the temples. The Egyptian lamp was of the
simplest type, merely a wick floating in oil. It is not infrequently
represented in the scenes in the tombs, where it usually takes the
form of an open receptacle mounted on a tall foot which, in the
smaller examples, can be grasped in the hand. In the pictures, there
arise from the receptacle what we may assume to be wicks or flames,
always curved over the top as if blown by a current of air. Stand
lamps in limestone have been found in the pyramid of El-Lahun, and
representations of them in stone in the 'Labrinth' at Hawara. In
Egyptian houses, small dishes were also used as lamps. They usually
have their rims pinched into a spout ...
The absence of smoke-blackening in the tombs of the kings is
also no difficult explanation. If olive-oil is used, there is very
little smoke, and a suitable covering over the lamp, for which
various methods readily suggest themselves, would very easily
prevent carbon being deposited on the ceiling."[ 4 ]
</blockquote>
And even from the region where artificial light was most
necessary we have notes from the Egyptians themselves: The many 100
m long tombs in the Valley of the Kings were definitively lighted
with oil lamps and wicks, since we have protocols about wicks and
lamps handed out to the workers each day from the Valley of the
Kings - where it was carefully documented how many wicks of what
length, and how much oil was given to each worker - there is no
mystery at all how these tombs were illuminated. There is no place
for pharaonic flash lights.[ 5 ]

After I posted my results to the "Maus" I made first contact with
the wide spread unwillingness in alternative science to accept
unpleasant results. "Bullsh*t", "nonsense", "I don't believe you",
were the comments to my sootless lamps. I wrote back "People, you
mustn't believe me, just try it out for yourselves.". Again I drew a
blank: "I don't need to try it out, I know what happens and it's not
what you are posting here" was the only reaction.
Yes, and THAT is precisely the reason why the "mystery of the
soot" is still part of every new publication and of at least one
"mystery park"....


Conclusion:
Well, as Mr. Spock would say. "Fascinating". None of the premises
of the soot fans are correct. There is soot, although the Egyptian
lamps were almost sootless and even buildings in no need of
artificial illumination contain soot. This whole argument is as wrong
as an argument can be. But just because we are sure that the soot
comes from non-Egyptian sources it is still no evidence that can be
used to propose alternative lighting methods.
BTW: It is possible to reduce soot from oil lamps by putting salt
into the oil. I didn't try it out because I couldn't get soot even
without salt in the oil...

Remarks:
[1]	Däniken, Erich von; Die Augen der Sphinx, Ullstein 1989, P. 215
[2]	Ercivan, Erdogan; Das Sternentor der Pyramiden, Bettendorf 1997, P. 83
[3]	explained in in: Lauer, Jean-Phillipe; Das Geheimnis der Pyramiden, Herbig 1980, P. 37 f
[4]	Clarke, Somers & Engelbach, Reginald; Ancient Egyptian Masonry, London 1930, P. 201
[5]	Brunner-Traut, Emma; Alltag unter Pharaonen, Herder 1998, P. 245

Energy Sources


There are more critical points about the lamp theory aside from
the false argument of the missing soot. Another one: Where could
have the Egyptians taken electricity from? For more than 200 years
now systematic diggings took place in Egypt, and no electrical
generators could be found. The only objects at all found from
antique times which could produce some electricity are the famous


Baghdad-Batteries
These small pots which were found in the proximity of today's
Baghdad are the best candidates for electro-chemical devices found so
far [

Baghdad
Battery ].
The oldest were found in a Parthi settlement, which was
inhabited around the time of Christ's birth. The discovery site - a
presumed hill which coincidentally was found to be an ancient
village in 1936 - suggests even a later settling. The other pots
even might have to be settled into the period to 1200 CE. From this,
any usage of such devices in ancient Egypt seems to be very
improbable.
Right from the beginning the chief excavator Wilhelm Koenig had
the opinion that these pots had been batteries used for galvanizing
items. Some finds and writings led to the belief that the Parthians
knew a method of coating copper or silver with gold by using gold
cyanide - without the use of electricity. With a reconstruction of
the supposed battery the galvanizing rate could be quadrupled.

Such devices were unly useable once. If they were used in large
numbers in daily life, remnants of them must have been found
somewhere. This is known to the propagists of this idea, too, so
they strip down the usage of electric light to "sacral purposes
only". The situation gets scizophrenic here: On one hand the author
show a problem (soot) which only could be solvend (in their opinion)
by massive use of electric lighting, on the other hand they reduce
their theory to a small scale sacral use themselves. Their own
theory therefore can not solve the problem created to initiate the
idea!

Battery = Energy?
There are surely differences between an accelerated galvanizing
technique and lighting a light bulb. In the first case small
amperages and voltages are enough to do the job, but not in the
second case. Even a small torch bulb needs about one Watt to shed a
dim light.
The performance of a battery is the product of voltage and
amperage (volt times ampere). The voltage is a material constant
between different metals. If we place two different metals in acid we
can measure an electric difference measured i Volts.. This difference
is independent from the size of the plates, it only depends on the
materials used. The difference between two plates of the same
material is null. Therefore you can sort the various metals into an
electro-chemical row with the most negative elements (giving up
electrons) to the left and the most positive ones (collecting
electrons) to the right. This principle is known to us for
approximately 200 years, and the best combinations for metals are
known almost as long.
The "batteries" found in Baghdad however are quite poor in
comparison. Some contained only same metals (copper rods in copper
cylinders) and can produce therefore no voltage at all. And those
few who could contains the metal pairing copper/iron which are only
0.5 volts apart on the electro-chemical scale. This excludes any
systematic research of the phenomenon which would be the basis for
the development of a lamp.

The second factor for a battery was solved nearly as inefficient
than the first.
The amperage depends on the surface of the used
electrodes. An ideal battery possesses two electrodes with surfaces
as large as possible, with materials lying apart as far as possible
on the electro-chemical scale. For example disk batteries like the
famous Volta pile, which consisted of copper and zinc plates. Or our
zinc coal batteries, whose central electrode is an activated
charcoal staff with an active surface as large as several football
fields. The relics of Baghdad are there poor, too, they came with
single rods of iron with a minimal surface as counter electrode.
This is another sign against a systematic research of electricity.


Battery = Light?
In 1995 I made a reconstruction of a Baghdad-type battery myself.
My first try was a disaster: The reaction stopped after a few
minutes. After some research I found the reason: Such natural acids
which could have been used (I used vinegar) need air to react.
Therefore the closed original constructions never could have worked
as batteries!


After I drilled several holes into the cylinder it produced about
0.4-0.5 volts with open contacts, and had a short circuit amperage of
50 mA. The electrical "performance" adds up to 25 milli Watts
without connected devices (which breaks down to 1/10th with a single
bulb attached).


That means however, that for the operation of only one 1
watt-bulb the ridiculous quantity of forty batteries is needed!
Since each battery weighs approximately 2 kilograms, the Egyptian
flashlight without rack and wiring would weigh around 80 kilograms!

Oh, after approximately 8 hours power output the inside of the
battery decomposes into a green, poisonous mud which must be
disposed of.
And the soldering on the bottom gave way, too, so that the whole
mess fell into the cylinder I had placed below the metal cylinder.


For the lighting of the building sites with batteries this means:

• One 1 Watt bulb needs 40 batteries per working day.
  
• A worker needs a lamp
  
• 10 workers were digging out each site
  
• Each excavation took two years (veeeery carefully estimated)
  
• => each system needed 292000 (!) batteries!
  
• Total weight: 584 tons!
  
• there are 400 large underground sites in Egypt
  
• => 116 million batteries were necessary
  
• ==> With a total weight of 233600 tons!
  
• All these batteries would have to lie around somewhere as
  scrap iron or waste. The find situation for batteries in Egypt is
  however ZERO!
  

There is just another minor item always "forgotten" by the
proponents of ancient batteries: The iron. Iron was a rare and
precious metal in Egypt, because no ore is found there. The next
iron ore deposits are in today's Turkey, and were in firm possession
of the Hethites, which had a monopoly in manufacturing iron goods
from around 1600 B.C. But each "battery" needed a central iron
rod as main electrode. So it's simply impossible that a metal
first used in 1600 b.C. played a major role in lighting pyramids
built more than 1000 years before! Each battery contained about 150
grams of iron, so for the whole 400 big graves about
17,400 tons
of this metal more precious than gold was needed.

From these numbers it can easily be derived that the operation of
electrical lamps with the so-called Baghdad batteries was simply
impossible. But no other antique energy sources are known, so that
any lamp faces the problem of a missing power source.

In the television broadcast "Aliens - do they return?" by Erich
von Daeniken, already addressed by me in the pyramid section, he
tried to make a connection between Baghdad batteries and light in his
typical way. He tried to suggest that a gas-discharge lamp could be
powered with such a battery. So he connects a digital multi meter to
the battery - a loud buzzing noise suggests a high voltage. Then we
can read a not defined voltage of "0293" on the meter; afterwards he
presents a "reconstruction" of a Dendera-type gas discharge lamp
also connected with a meter, and gives the impression that both
voltages are of the same amount!


Other energy sources?
"If the Egyptians already knew batteries, then different
generators will probably have been known" is a merry, but absurd or
missing way of proving a theory.
When Volta experimented with its (by the way 10000 times more
efficient) batteries, he lived in the age of the research and
progress. Each detail, each improvement was published and hundreds
of scientists around the whole globe were busy with the study of
nature and exchanged their results in innumerable publications.
Nevertheless it lasted nearly 200 years until the induction was
discovered, and out of this in the end the generator was developed.
This needed an unbelievable number of small steps, and each of
these can be reconstructed from uncounted publications.

From the Parthic, Babylonic or Egyptian region however no
evidence for a systematic study of physics or chemistry, which is a
mandatory prerequisite for the development of such technique is
known. But without this knowledge no genius amateur handicraftsman
can "by coincidence" invent something like a generator. This
conclusion is therefore just as soundly as the reason chain "They
had wheels, therefore they knew a combustion engine".
As long as no find for the development of such a technology is
made, we must exclude it. Even when Krassa/Habeck declare the Djed
pillar surprisingly, after defining it in the first half of their
book as "electrical insulator", as a generator, which produces
electricity with "hot air and dust"...

Related link:

Baghdad
Battery

TECHNICAL ISSUES


The "Lamp"


After two pieces of circumstantial evidence have been eliminated
we should now take a closer look at the objects themselves. I will
start "technical", since the authors of the thesis asked for it. On
the following pages I will show what Egyptology says about the
pictures.
I must start with some words of warning. The book "Lights of the
Pharaohs" by the Austrian authors Krassa & Habeck (they wrote the
most popular summary of the thesis, and I base my discussion on it)
is nicely written and sounds logically sound. After reading of the
book a laymen might ask himself, why Egyptology publishes such a
rubbish about Egyptian history, since it seems to be completely
different. But anyone with just a slight knowledge about Egyptian
history sees at once, what a load of rubbish is poured onto the
trusting reader. Most parts of the "history" the authors unfold are
free inventions, therefore I cannot discuss those parts of the book
- I simply have neither web space nor the time to correct everything
they have twisted. I will stick therefore strictly to the objects
and the technical and Egyptological discussions about them. Only
some examples of Krassa/Habecks weird history will be discussed on
an additional page at the end of this article.
So let us see how the representatives of the electro thesis
interpret the famous Dendera picture.^[1]
Krassa/Habeck are giving the following explanations (which I will
correct on the following pages :-) ):^[2]

1. Priest
   
2. ionised fumes
   
3. electric discharge (snake)
   
4. Lamp socket (Lotos)
   
5. Cable (Lotos stem)
   
6. Air god
   
7. Isolator (Djed-Pillar)
   
8. Light bringer Thot with knifes
   
9. Symbol for "current"
   
10. Inverse polarity (Haarpolarität +)
    
11. Energy storage (electrostatic Generator?)
    

On the basis of this picture engineer W. Garn constructed a
working device which indeed gave some light. In the book of Krassa/Habeck
we find he following sketch and description:




<blockquote>
"If we evacuate a glass bulb with two metal parts
reaching into it (B), (C), we can see a discharge at much lower
levels, depending on the size of the glass balloon (D). At a
pressure of about 40 t (tonnes) (40 mm of mercury) a snakelike light
filament meanders from one metal part to the other (E). If we
evacuate further, the light filament grows wider until it fills the
whole glass balloon. This is exactly what we see in on the pictures
in the subterranean chambers of the Hathor sanctuary."^[3]

</blockquote>
This is the basis of the technical interpretation. Sounds
logical, sounds comprehensible - and doesn't work!
How so often in "fringe science" this lamp idea only "works" by
omission of important details. You might have noticed that I
emphasized the word "two" in Garns comment. Why? Because "two" is
the key word. Every "normal" lamp needs two electrodes to
produce light, a simple light bulb or the Garn-construction.
"Well, and where is the problem?" you might ask. Simple. The
problem is, that the "working" lamp picture in Dendera is only
one of six. And from all six pictures this is the ONLY one
where something reaches "into" the "bulb"!
The pictures of the objects can be seen three times in the
subterranean crypts and three times in an associated "cult room" I
will discuss later. The "working" lamp is once shown in the crypt.
Three times pictures like this, with the air god Heh carrying the
"lamp" are shown (one in the crypt, two in the cult room):




and two times this way with a djed pillar outside of the "lamp"
(once in the crypt and once in the cult room):



These objects could never had been lamps. Neither a Garn-type nor
a "normal" light bulb. But it gets even worse, because there are
pictures of similar objects in the chapels around the temple.
Without Djed, lotus or generator:





Dendera - Snake Stella
This is a picture with so-called snake stones. Krassa and Habeck
are making fun about them, as "silly explanations of Egyptologists"
- therefore I will discuss their meaning on the Egyptological pages.
Fact is, that the "lamp explanation" works only for one of six
large pictures, and for none of the uncountable snake stones
in this temple and in all of Egypt.
The only possible (and really used) explanation was: "The
Egyptians saw the whole thing just a short moment, so they couldn't
remember how the thing really looked like". But you must admit that
this is silly. As you remember: the core of the lamp-story is, that
the Egyptians used those things centuries, even millennia, to
routinely light out their pyramids and tombs. And yet they could not
remember how their daily tool looked like?
Even the "reduced model" (which also contradicts the initial
no-soot-"evidence"), that only priests hat this magical instrument
and showed it a few times a year to the astonished masses, fails,
because they had to have the objects at hand and could have copied
them. If we take in account that the "working" model is dramatically
outnumbered by the non-working types we can only conclude that the
idea is, from the scientific viewpoint, flawed. In science an idea
is only interesting if it can at least everything other ideas can
explain, and it is really interesting if it can explain some things
even better.
The lamp model can not even explain five of the six large pictures,
not to mention the hundreds of small snake stones. Funny: "school
science" has no problems to explain them...
But there are more problems demolishing even the basic idea that
those things could be light bulbs of any kind. Krassa/Habeck seem to
believe that the objects on the pictures are shown in their natural
proportions with regard to the "priest" behind the lamp (although
they are wondering, that some other people are shown smaller than
the priest).^[4] If we use the priest
as scale, the objects on the relief must be around 2.5 m long with a
largest diameter of one meter, and a smallest diameter of 50
centimeter!
Regardless of the construction used, the bulb had to have a near
vacuum inside - can you imagine the air pressure resting on such a
device?
Well, we don't need to guess, we can calculate it. With a length of
2,5 meters, a largest thickness of one meter and a smallest
thickness of 50 centimeters we can calculate the volume roughly as a
truncated cone of approximately 2 m length ( Volume = Pi * h /3 * (r₁²
+ r₁ * r₂ + r₂²) and a
hemisphere of one meter diameter (Volume 2/3 Pi r³). The
combined volume is around 1,12 cubic meters, the surface of the
object amounts to approximately 6,3 square meters.
If the object is evacuated, a pressure of about 63 t (tonnes) would
rest on a Dendera object. To withstand such an immense pressure, the
object would have to be quite thick-walled, at least two to three
centimeters thick. The weight of this bulb would be then
approximately 750 kilograms. And this monster would be nevertheless
a ticking time bomb: a small crack in the glass by uneven cooling
with the manufacturing, and the Dendera lamp implodes with the force
of a bomb. The fragmentation effect might be deadly in the periphery
of several meters!
I for my case also know of no vacuum glass bulb of similar format
from modern manufacturing, and this might have its reasons. We
cannot do it - but the Egyptians could? Although they had no
technical industry at all? Err - no.
"Rubbish" one lamp-fan told me, who dropped the Garn idea in a
millisecond to defend the general idea (the people in fringe science
are very flexible in switching even basic assumptions to keep a
"mystery" alive). I was told, that the bulb could have been filled
with a noble gas.
Sure, noble gas grows on date palms :-) Without a real industrial
technology it is impossible to get those gasses. There is no trace
of a technology needed to extract them before the 20th century.
Also: the Dendera lamp would have to contain enough gas to fill at
least 713000 (!!!) halogen lamps with a lighting performance of
together 14 million Watts (at one bar filling pressure)!!! And twice
may be guessed what lights up more brightly.
In both cases the Dendera construction is characterized primarily by
its uselessness. A simple bulb or a 500 W halogen lamp needs fewer
resources, is simpler and safer against production defects as such a
monster. It has its reasons why we use today small bulbs and no
Dendera giant, even 100something years after Edison.
Oh, I forgot the glass bulbs. Glass is for us a daily-life
article, but the situation in ancient times was different. That's
why we come at last to a major problem of alternative history: the
event horizon. Material expert Paul Nicholson writes in the current
standard book about Egyptian materials and manufacturing techniques:
<blockquote>
"Antikes ägyptisches Glas gehört zum besten der antiken Welt.
Trotz seiner technischen Ausgereiftheit ist sein Ursprung und seine
Fertigungstechnik noch unvollkommen verstanden. Lucas (1962:179)
bemerkt, daß, obwohl Glas sporadisch vor der 18. Dynastie (ca. 1550
BC) auftauchte, dies wohl eher ein glückliches Nebenprodukt von
Unfällen bei der Fayence-Fertigung war, während spätere
Herstellungen eindeutig geplant gewesen sind. ... Von 1500 BC an
taucht Glas als reguläres Produkt mit hohem Prestige in Ägypten
auf."[5]
</blockquote>
So glass became a prestigious high price product around 1500 BCE
- more than 1000 years after the great pyramids were built.
If we add al these facts the air becomes very thin for the lamp
thesis - evacuated, to say. :-)
Let's have a look at some negligibilities I noticed along the
way. Krassa/Habeck are enraged (like many of their colleagues) by
the interpretation of things as "symbolic" in scientific
publications. Disgusting. Paleo-SETI is much more straight forward,
they need no symbolic hogwash to explain things. Well, aside, of
course, of the symbols Krassa/Habeck also need to explain their
construction!
Yes, they need symbols too. The snake for example. The Garn-lamp has
either a light aura around the arms or the light fills out the whole
bulb. A snake as continuous effect does not exist. So the snake
suddenly becomes a symbol for the electric current! But it even
gets better: not only the snake, but all of the objects on the
relief suddenly become symbols - the only way the authors can
interpret away unsuitable "details".
The two facing persons below the bulb are transforming to a "symbol
for alternating current", the woman before them becomes a "symbol
for electric current", the ape with the two knifes (identified only
a few pages earlier correctly as protection god Upu^[6],
but with a crazy interpretation) mutates within a few pages later^[7]
from a &"symbol for high voltage" to "Thot, bringer of light" - a
"symbol for light". That's really funny, because Egyptology needs
fewer symbols to explain the whole scenery, as I will show on the
following pages.
The lamp idea fails again since it needs not less but more symbols.
So what about the disgust for symbols? Are some more equal than
others?
The next argument was, as expected, the famous
"looks-like"-argument of fringe science. As long as there is no
other plausible explanation, so the consensus on the former A.A.S.
discussion board, there is no reason to see something else in those
objects. Because the Dendera objects look so much like our modern
lamps that other interpretations simply make no sense.






Strangely. In the pictures above you see a set of current and
older lamp constructions. Halogen bulbs, Spot lights, fluorescent
tubes - and none of them has even the smallest resemblance to the
Dendera construction. Even the sodium high-pressure lamp on the
right, although a little similar on first look, is completely
different in size, structure and mode of operation to its Dendera
counter piece. Particularly I miss the so eminent important arms
reaching into the lamps. So dear reader, if you know of any lamp in
technical use now or in the past - please, send me a picture. Unless
then I see no reason to interpret the Dendera reliefs as lamps.
By the way: we often hear about "reconstructions" of ancient "artefacts",
but those normally don't deserve that word. Like here those are in
reality constructions designed in a way, that they look like parts
on ancient reliefs or fit more or less badly written descriptions.
Other objects are for example the Maya motor or the Hesekiel shuttle
from Blumrich [
Ezechiel ,
Ancient Astronauts Theory ]. A lamp construction that looks like Dendera is
possible but makes no sense. It has its reasons why we use small
bulbs and not 2.5 m Dendera monsters.
The time scale
Let us now take a look at Dendera and it's connection to
Pharaonic Egypt. To support an influence of the Dendera-"technology"
on ancient Egypt the temple must be old. And, so the authors Krassa/Habeck
in their book, the temple IS old. Not only old, but prehistoric,
too. Well, that's it, then?

No, not really, the authors are telling only half the truth. It
is true that the location of the temple was used since old times, at
least back to Khufu's reign.
But this temple was torn down
completely after Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE:


<blockquote>
"Remnants of the former temples are ... not known, because
all earlier structures were torn down in the later Ptolemaic epoch
to make room for the new, today visible temple." [ 8 ]
</blockquote>
OK, but the reliefs could be older. They are located in
underground chambers, maybe the weren't removed? No. The reliefs are
worked in high relief which cannot be altered afterwards. And on the
reliefs we can find the name of the builder of the temple. Krassa/Habeck
were, as we can read in their book, about 4 hours inside the rooms
and photographed any square centimeter of the reliefs and
inscriptions^[9]. So they must have
stumbled over the "visiting card" of the owner, its name cartouche.
It can even be seen in their book on table 24: Ptolemeius XII. And
he lived - around 50 BCE! That was it with prehistoric. If one looks
up what Thomas Schneider has written in his
Lexikon der Pharaonen (Dictionary of the Pharaohs) about
Ptolemeius XII, we find:
<blockquote>
"The outstanding event of the building and religion policy
P.s ' XII. is the inauguration of the Edfu temple on 7 February
70. In Dendera he begun in the year 54 B.C. with the construction
work of the Hathor temple......"^[10]
</blockquote>
Still any questions? The temple was built in an era long after
the end of dynastic Egypt, about 300 years after the reign of the
last Egyptian pharaoh. And: no temple before Dendera shows symbols
like these. There is no connection between these symbols and
Pharaonic Egypt. Whatever they are: the whole idea of electricity in
ancient Egypt has died with this building date.

Remarks:
[1]	The numbers are equal to the ones in the sketch in Krassa/Habeck; Das Licht der Pharaonen, Herbig 1992, p. 231
[2]	ibd.
[3]	ibd. p. 239, emphasize by me
[4]	ibd. p. 97
[5]	Nicholson/Shaw (Hrsg.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 195
[6]	Krassa/Habeck p. 213
[7]	ibd. p. 231
[8]	Arnold, Dieter; Die Tempel Ägyptens, Artemis 1992, p. 165 ff
[9]	Krassa, Habeck p. 100 & 106
[10]	Schneider, Thomas; Lexikon der Pharaonen, Artemis 1994, p. 224 f

Egyptologic issues


The technical interpretation of the Dendera objects on the last
page left open some unanswered questions. So let's look now what
Egyptology has to say about these reliefs. Would you be astonished
if I say that these are pictures of "cult objects"?
"Cult" is a definitive bad word in alternative archaeology,
because in the opinion of many alternative authors "cult" is always
used by school science when they cannot explain the real meaning of
an object. But ancient man, so they argue, was much more intelligent
than school science accepts, and had no need for useless cults (althogh
this opens a new dilemma: on one hand our ancestors were too
intelligent for cults, on the other hand they were too stupid to
stack more than two stones without the help of "gods").
The main point of cult-oppositionists is: If there IS no cult, we
can interpret these objects technically with the "looks like..."
method. And the answer to why there were no cults is the rethoric
counter-question: "Were the people in ancient times not as least as
intelligent as modern day people? Why should they have more cults
than we? And we intelligent people from today HAVE no cults."

Well, they can't be serious with the "cultless modern time". There
are some buildings called "churches" around, which can be seen as
"cult centres". Yes, there are cults celebrated there (communions,
christenings, church service...) connected with cult objects
(crosses, tabernacles, altars).
And then there are temples, mosques and synagogues from many
different religions around the world, and many 100 mio. people
celebrating the dedicated cults in these cult centres - inside and
outside at home.
"Yeah, but that's all", said a cultless-fan in a discussion.
Yes, all. Aside from all those sects and other cults around,
which are more and more favoured in our cultless western society.
Crystal healing, UFO cults like Raelians, earth powers, Feng Schui,
horoscopes, ghosts and the full spectre of esoteric believs...
Yes, we are really enlightened and cultless
Oh, and from the reaction of some "cultless" fans an adventure
park in the Swiss alps is already regarded as centre of a new
cult...

So when we today have several 100 million (or even some billion)
of cultists around we can assume, that cults in ancient times played
at least the same role as they do today. And I ask myself, how
cultless-fans would interpret remains of our cult buildings. Church
towers and minarets as "lost memory of space ships"? Oops, I forgot
that this is even today paqrt of some alternative theses...

Unfortunately, the temple serves no star god. The Dendera temple
and its crypt, in which the mysterious figures are, serves exclusive
one purpose: The yearly cycle of the sun, the New Year and its
celebrations. The complete temple is dedicated to this topic. The
crypt had also a practical function: It served to keep of the
statues shown on the reliefs for the celebrations, which were gotten
out to the ceremonies. The texts in the crypts, which are translated
although some authors state otherwise, leave to it no doubt (e.g. "
hidden place of the smn pictures "). In the texts can be found which
purpose what statue had, how big they were, what materials they
consisted of and what was done with them during New Year's Eve. So
what have lamps have to do with New Year's Eve?

The meaning of the reliefs


The text, which belongs to the relief, explains all its parts
showing only the new year topics shown above. The main theme is the
sun having its last day in the old year and its first morning in the
new year. We can read this clearly enough: "Resomtus alive with
gloss in the sky (and) lives at the day of the New Year
celebration". That is in a way the heading of the whole scene.
The oval which contains the snake is according to some authors a
light bulb and the snake a light filament. Apart from the fact that
snakes in Egypt never represented "light" (and that I know of no
lighting snakes) the oval had in Egypt a define meaning: It was a
symbol of the morning sky, in ancient Egypt "Duat"!
The snake represents, as in many other pictures, the god of the
morning sun, Harsomtus. But why, say the skeptics, should a snake
be a symbol of the morning sun? Quite simple. The Egyptians noticed
that snakes shed their hide and were believed to renew with each
shedding. Almost as the morning sun, which comes up every morning
renewed. And the sun moves like the snake without visible outer
organs.
Especially in Greek-Roman times from 300 B.C. on Harsomtus is always
depicted as snake. Therefore Harsomtus appears in Dendera in all
cases as newborn sun, and not as a filament - it would be widely out
of the context.
The Djed pillar


A substantial point in the light bulb argumentation is the Djed
column. Since it is not exactly known what it represents, it is
assumed to be an electrical insulator by some authors of the paleo
SETI faction and integrated into the light bulb thesis. However, as
we already saw in the technical section, the "lamp" is depicted in
three different forms. One in its "functioning" form with the arms
from the Djed pillar inside the "bulb". Twice however in completely
'un-isolatoric' :-) manner: Once completely without the Djed pillar
- embarrassingly, if it should be a so important item for the lamp
case, and once with the "glass bulb" itself resting on the Djed
pillar with the arms outside the bulb. In this case the Djed pillar
cannot have been an insulator - because glass itself is one of the
best insulators known.
What is correct is that we do not know the origin of the Djed
form. It could have been many different things. But the
hieroglyphic, the sign which used the Djed pillar as a word, was
used exclusively for the word "lasting" or "stability" - at all
times of the 3500 year long history. The occasional use of the
symbol as "support of the sky" supports this meaning additionally.
In the bulb representation the Djed supports the morning sky, which
corresponds accurately with the conventions. So we can translate "Djed"
in many cases just directly with "column".
This quite crucial point is not at all registered by the
proponents of the lamp thesis. Why - whether from unawareness or
because it can destroy some beloved theory - is unknown to me. But
in the texts to the lamp reliefs and in the pictures there is no
other meaning for Djed than "lasting", as the writings
unmistakably
prove. Until today no attempt was made to state why in this
representation does not to apply in these pictures.
Further relief elements


The "light bulb" of Dendera has on the foot something like a
socket, into which a "cable" runs, which is connected on the other
side with a "generator". This is the description we can read in the
more fantastic literature. But the cable is no cable. It is, as we
can read directly in the texts describing the scene, a symbolic sun
barge, a boat in which the sun floated across the sky. All this is
written in the texts beside the objects.
Neither is the form of the barge shown in Dendera unusual. In many
symbolic barge representations the boat only consists of a string
like object which forms a bow and a stern. And on the horizontal
platform between we find normally gods and objects connected with the
sun or the sunrise. One of these objects connected with the sun
barge, and normally located at its stern, is the lotus flower. This
can be seen in Dendera, too. It's the so called "lamp socket"!!
The ancient Egyptians believed that the sun originally came out of
the first hill coming out of the flood of creation (the crypts in
Dendera were accurately under this place, so was believed). One
version of this was that the sun child (usually Nefertem) climbed
out from a lotus flower - the same thing Harsomtus does in form of a
snake in the Dendera pictures. A lotus flower is no lamp socket - it
doesn't look like one, and the inscriptions explaining the pictures
simply state its a lotus flower. The lotus flower was used e.g. for
the production of ointments. The God Nefertem, the Memphitic version
of the sun god, was even called "The Large Lotus Flower", who
emerges as the first thing from the receding waters and started
creation - that is much too far to expect from a lamp socket :-) .
Lotus flowers looking similar to the ones depicted in Dendera were
often shown in desk scenes, and they were the coat of arms plant of
upper Egypt - the Knights of the Lamp Socket?? If the objects in
Dendera would indeed show lamp sockets, some texts and
interpretations would really be more than a little funny.
The figure in the center is called Ka, and the connection of the
texts on the north wall suggests that it is the Ka of Harsomtus. Ka
is a type of physical soul and no "priest handling a device" as some
authors propose.
The God on the "box" is Heh, the carrier of the sky, which
supports the rising sun, a scene thousand-fold to be found in Egypt.
Heh is like Djed a symbol for eternity - it defines however the
cyclic eternity, contrary to Djed, which is for the "continuing"
eternity. That is not by any means ridiculous, but has something to
do with the way the old Egyptians saw "time". There were objects
which lasted forever - the sky, the sun, the earth. But an eternal
sun wasn't the guarantee, that the sun returned from the kingdom of
the dead every morning! This was guaranteed by the cyclic eternity,
represented by Heh. The pictures in the east represent the sunrise,
whereas the pictures in the western spaces D and E show the sunset.
And again without lamp.
With this knowledge, the three forms of the "lamp" objects
suddenly make sense: In the first picture Djed carries the Harsomtus
to make it eternal, and Heh the morning sky to let it come again in
all eternity. In the second picture supports Djed the sky to make it
eternal, and in the third one Heh to let it come again for all
eternity. Both Reiliefs face each other directly. The technically
absolutely unreasonable arm position of these pictures gives now a
unique sense.
The Djed, the Duat, the Barge, Harsomtus, the Ka, the snake, Heh,
etc. are foundations for whole theologies during all of ancient
Egypt. All of these are well understood and give no room for
misunderstood technique. For example, the Djed became since oldest
time in combination with anch (life) and Uas (welfare) a luck
symbol. No place for insulators. Almost as old is conception of the
Djed as carrier of the sky, a canopy could rest therefore on four
Djed pillars - why should a ceiling rest on insulators??? The Djed
occurs very often in pairs. The Djeds is called then Schu (sky
carrier) and Tefnut (in this case likewise sky carrier). The list
could be continued easily much further, but these examples should be
enough to see that there is no place in the Djed to be an insulator.


THE TRANSLATION OF THE TEXTS


Undeniably to interpret as lamps...


Further down you can read the translations of the texts of the
crypts made by Egyptologist Wolfgang Waitkus. Based on these texts
authors Krassa/Habeck come to the conclusion:
<blockquote>
"Surprisingly the texts of Dendera contain actually essentially
technical data and paragraphs, which can be linked problem-free
with our "electrical hypothesis". Not only this: They represent an
ideal, meaningful supplement and support our interpretation in an
amazing way."
</blockquote>
Author Habeck goes even further in claiming that Egyptologists
are completely useless for deciphering the reliefs, since because of
a lack of technical training they could not recognise a light bulb
when standing right before one!! Literally:
<blockquote>
"An egyptologist may be a specialist in his area, but is he
able do detect electrotechnical knowledge in old texts and
pictures? Hardly. He would probably never comt to the thought,
because school book science anyhow categorically excludes this
possibility."
</blockquote>
But judge for yourself:
Complete text of the south wall:


Bandeau de la frise:
<blockquote>
Resomtus is alive with gloss in the sky (and) lives at the day of
the New Year celebration. He lights up in its house in the night of
the child in his nest, by donating the light to the country from the
birth bricks. The sky is jubilant, the earth is pleased and the God
chapels is glad, when he appears in his chamber in his procession
barge at his beautiful celebration of the New Year.
The God with his disk has come to see him. Nehebkau gives him
reputation, and the goddess with her disk, with godly body,
rejuvenates him in his sanctuary.
Tchnt tpjt jnr (probably the goddess Thoeeris, a birth goddess) is
content because of her majesty. She praises Re because of him with
praise for his Ka, with wine from schfjt (wine area) and meat bits
on the altar before him.
The "land-of-Atum" (= Dendera) is prepared with his most
distinguished plan, as Hu and Sia are subordinated to him. He may
protect the son of Re (empty king cartouche), forever.
</blockquote>
Title of the south wall:


<blockquote>
Bringing of the amuletts (Pektoral) made of gold.
Speak: To speak words: This is the protection of your majesty for
the celebration, in ktmt gold.
Ihi: Words to speak of Ihi, the great, the son of the Hathor, the
noble child with shining plait: I please your heart with glories for
your person, and I drive rage out with spells.
King: The king of upper and lower Egypt (cartouche with the name
of Ptolemaeus XII.), the son of Re (cartouche with another name of
the same king).
</blockquote>
Royal edge line


<blockquote>
I came to you, to your place (destroyed section). Beautiful one,
whose looks are perfect. I have the Amulet of gold (destroyed
section) attached with live on the day of the celebration (destroyed
section) of your body.
Isis: Words to speak of Isis, the great, the gods mother, lady of
jat dj, who stays in Dendera, the beginning with whose arrival the
earth began, turquoise skin and lapislazuli like head.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great god who stays
in Dendera. Gold, height: 4 hands. Made of metal the Day barge, the
lotos flower from gold (this section is about the statues kept here,
which were brought upward (room G)).
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great God, who stays
in Dendera, the multicolored-feathered who is on the Serech. Gold.
Height: 1 cubit. (the falcon on the relief is meant)
Ihi: Words to speak of Ihi, the great, the son of the Hathor, Re
in its shape of the great God, who appears with the diadem as a king
of jztj (Egypt)and as a master of the Sed festival,: You reign
Dendera millionfold from the nhh eternity to the completion of the
Djed eternity. Gold. Height: 1 cubit.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great, who stays in
Dendera, the living Ba in the Lotus flower of the day barge, whose
perfection the two arms of the Djed pillar carry as its seschemw
picture, while the Ka's on its knees are with bent arms. Gold. All
precious stones, height: 3 hands.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great, who stays in
Dendera, who is in the arms of the princes in the night barge, the
noble snake, whose chntj statue carries Heh, whose crew carries his
perfection in holyness, because of whose Ba the appearing (Hathor)
in the sky appeared, whose shape is admired by admirers, who comes
as unique, enveloped by his head serpents, with numerous names at
the point of chw.n=sn (Gods with relationship with the Hathor), the
sechm-picture of Re in the "Land-Of-Atum" (= Dendera), the father of
the Gods, who created everything. Gold, metal, height: 4 hands.
Isis: Words to speak of Isis, the great, mother of the Gods, lady
of jat dj, who stays in Dendera, the queen of the rchjt people, with
pointed horns.
</blockquote>
Edge line of the Gods


<blockquote>
Come in peace, servant of his Lord, as the chw djeser priests are
subordinated to you, and you protect my throat with your trusty
behavior. I have myself pleased about the freshness of your
character. Gold. Height: 1 cubit.
</blockquote>
Final remarks:


As the text proves, there is no question about the contents of
the reliefs. The texts describe the pictures as representations of
statues, which were kept in these rooms. They give detailed
descriptions of their extents and even the used material. A bulb
made from gold - well, much light would not shine through it :-)
Even if one does not understand the contents of the texts, which
admittedly sound rather confusing without previous knowledge, one
should perhaps believe this time the Egyptologists or at least
accept the mention of the New Year celebrations as main theme.
Clearly visible is the fact that there is not the smallest
suggestion which could justify an interpretation as light bulb in
the texts. The function of these rooms was to keep the cult statues
which were necessary for the celebrations mentioned. Further
references to these absolutely clear circumstances supply the other
walls of the rooms, whose texts are not shown here. As found so
often, the whole theory is based on the complete neglect of all
results of scientific archaeological work. The light bulb thesis is
pure fantasy without empirical core, based solely on the "looks like
- was then"-method and takes no consideration of any facts - even
not to those written in large "letters" right beside it.

Light of the pharaohs...


In German speaking countries the idea of "electric lighting" was
brought to a greater public by two Austrian authors, Reinhard Habeck
and Peter Krasa. I could not find any reference to them on any
English website, so i believe that they play no role outside
Austria/Gemany/Swiss. They even seem to have occupied the idea from
a Scandinavian author whose book I unfortunately could not get yet.
Because of the irrelevance of Krassa/Habeck in the rest of the world
I will not bring my critique of their book here. But in the book
they use some tricks do make the Hathor temple mysterious, that I
have found on several English wep pages about Dendera, too.
Therefore you can find these few examples here.
Age and inscription


To make the Hathor temple mysterious enough it must be old. Very
old, prehistoric if possible. Because we could hardly speak of an
influence for pharaonic Egypt, if the first and only temple
containing such pictures was from, lets say, about 50 B.C. Therefore
the "lamp authors" declare the temple to be old. Their first piece
of evidence: The "Zodiac of Dendera", located on top of the temple,
is prehistoric! The zodiac is a kind of a small orrery, hewn into a
rock, with a diameter of about 3 meters. When the orrery is
prehistoric, the temple beneath must be much more prehistoric :-)
simple. The ozodiac shows the constellations of the stars and the
planets and is prehistoric, because "the represented constellations
do not correspond with those of our time". But: Analyses of the
zodiac made for example by the mathematical-astronomical section at
the Goetheanum showed, that the zodiac does not represent an
astronomically possible constellation, since for
example Venus and Mercury are to each other in an astronomically
impossible angle. It is therefore no real representation, but a
symbolic overview of all planets and constellations which could be
seen during the years!
By the way: The zodiac cannot be prehistoric - it can be at its
oldest from 332 B.C. Why? Because it shows the constellations in
their Greek forms! Therefore it cannot be older than the year
the Hellens conquered Egypt - 332 B.C.!
But the zodiac is not the only thing to be re-dated for the
"higher purpose". To be old, the writings must be old, too,
therefore we can read in Krassa/Habecks book:
<blockquote>
"It remained reserved for the French archaeologist Augusts
Mariette to find in the middle of the 19th century in the crypts
of Dendera [...] in yet completely unknown relief figures.
Additionally they contained a hieroglyphic writing, which had only
little in common with the well-known hieroglyphs on the Rosetta
stone. Hieroglyphics from an older epoch of old Egypt, which could
not be dated exactly yet, whose decoding has now begun."
</blockquote>
Anybody with even rudimentary knowledge of Hieroglyphics will now
protest. Fact is: The old Egyptian writing consisted mostly of
syllables. A hieroglyphic usually represents one consonant, which
forms a syllable with a not represented vowel. The old writing got
along therefore with relatively few characters. Beyond that there
was a number of symbols, which contained several syllables
(consonants), as well as a collection of "real" picture symbols and
determinatives which should suggest, how a word is to be
interpreted. All in all approximately 750 characters. At the
beginning of Egypt history. All these characters are well-known and
their interpretation undisputed.
Much later, more than thousand years after the end of the pyramid
era, Egypt became the playball of its neighbors, who attacked,
annexed and ruled the country now and then. And all were fascinated
by hieroglyphics and began to add own characters. At the time when
Egypt was a Roman province, about the 8000 hieroglyphic symbols were
used, some of them were found only in one or two reliefs or writings
- to guess their meaning is very hard and often cause of great
debate. The fact that the Dendera inscriptions are to be translated
with difficulty, is therefore a sign for a relatively young age of
the Dendera crypts!
Oh, by the way, I forgot. The age of the crypts can be determined
even accurately. Krassa/Habeck were, as we can read in their book,
about 4 hours inside the rooms and photographed any square cenimeter
of the reliefs and inscriptions. So they must have stumbled over the
"visiting card" of the owner, its name cartouche. In their book one
can be seen on table 24: Ptolemeius XII. And he lived - around 50
B.C.! That was it with prehistoric. If one looks up what Thomas
Schneider has written in his "Lexikon der Pharaonen" (Dictionary of
the Pharaos) about Ptolemeius XII, we find:
<blockquote>
"The outstanding event of the building and religion policy P.s
' XII. is the inauguration of the Edfu temple on 7 February 70.

In Dendera he begun in the year 54 B.C. with the construction work of
the Hathor temple......
</blockquote>
Still any questions?

* * *

All pictures and texts 1998-2006 Frank Dörnenburg
Reprinted with permission of the author

Source of the original content:

Electric lights




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• 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Une
  promenade en Egypte - website of
  
  
  
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  Three photos below show reliefs from the inside of the temple of Hathor
  
  at Dendera
  
  

Relief from the inside of the temple of Hathor at Dendera
Photo




Alain Guilleux, courtesy of


Une
promenade en Egypte














Relief from the inside of the temple of Hathor at Dendera





Photo




Alain Guilleux, courtesy of


Une
promenade en Egypte














Relief from the inside of the temple of Hathor at Dendera



Photo






Alain Guilleux, courtesy of


Une
promenade en Egypte

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  The truth about Erich von Daeniken & co:
  
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